Contributor: Dr Robert Lynch Talk Title Partition and the Anglo-Irish Treaty Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the background to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and its immediate (and lasting) effects. It suggests that ‘the most extreme paranoias of the Unionist psyche’ were reinforced by the events of the post-Treaty period, including as a result of growing unionist mistrust of the British government. And it explores how the Boundary Commission allowed ‘both sides to place radically different interpretations on the shape of any future settlement.’ It also looks at Sinn Féin’s attitude towards/understanding of unionist concerns and the extent to which these may have been predicated on a sense of unionism as ‘somehow inauthentic… and that conflict in Ireland was due fundamentally to the British presence’ rather than the ‘reality that there were almost one million people in Ulster who wanted nothing to do with their nationalist project.’ And it concludes by suggesting that ‘Ulster’s experience in 1922’ shaped the ‘rather draconian defensiveness’ of the Unionist government which emerged in its aftermath as well as creating disunity within the ‘northern Catholic minority’ and between northern and southern nationalists. Short biography: Dr Robert Lynch, University of Glasgow Further Reading: A State Under Siege. The Establishment of Northern Ireland 1920-1926 – Brian Follis Partition and the Limits of Irish Nationalism – Clare O'Halloran The Northern IRA and the early years of partition, 1920-22 – Robert Lynch The Partition of Ireland, 1912-1925 (Cambridge, 2019) – Robert Lynch Northern Nationalism. Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland 1890-1940 - Eamon Phoenix

Contributor: Professor Robert Savage Talk Title Broadcasting and the Border: How partition influenced broadcasting on the island of Ireland Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the development of broadcasting in Ireland during the 1920s and how the new radio stations in Belfast and Dublin were affected (and constrained) by politics. It describes the growing popularity and influence of broadcast services and the impact of new technologies, competition and wider social changes on the work of programme-makers in the BBC and RTÉ. It reflects critically on aspects of editorial decision-making and output by both broadcasters, but suggests that despite ‘all of [their] inevitable failures and shortcomings, ‘independent public service media’ remain ‘an indispensable component of any truly democratic society.’ Short biography: Professor Robert Savage is the Director of the Boston College Irish Studies Program and a member of the university’s History Department faculty. Further Reading: The BBC's Irish Troubles, Television, Conflict and Northern Ireland – Robert Savage A Loss of Innocence? television and Irish Society 1960-1972 – Robert Savage Broadcasting and Public Life, RTÉ News and Current Affairs 1926-1997 – John Horgan: Luck and the Irish, A Brief History of Change from 1970 – Roy Foster A Post-Nationalist History of Television in Ireland – Edward Brennan 2RN and the Origins of Irish Radio – Richard Pine

Contributor: Professor Bill Kissane Talk Title: The Partition of Ireland in a Global Context Talk Synopsis: This talk explores partition in an international context and also the similarities and differences between what happened in Ireland and elsewhere, including Cyprus, India and Palestine. It suggests that most partitions are ‘provisional’ because they ‘fail to resolve conflicts’ and looks at ‘the identity shifts that occur when borders change’ and what these meant (and mean) in an Irish context. It looks at how majority rule ‘polarised rather than reconciled’ communities in Northern Ireland and the way in which Partition led to ‘consolidation and identity formation based on religion’ in the decades that followed. And it concludes by considering what the experience and effect of partition might mean for future attempts to resolve deep-seated territorial  conflicts. Short biography: Bill Kissane is a Reader in Politics at the London School of Economics. Further Reading: Literature, Partition and the Nation State – Joe Cleary 'Ethnic Conflict and the Two State Solution: the Irish Experience of Partition'. Mapping Frontiers, Plotting Pathways, Ancilliary Paper, No.3, 2004. Institute of British Studies. Queens University Belfast – John Coakley 'Shackles Across the Heart: Comparing Ireland's Partition', A Treatise on Northern Ireland Vol 1, pp.370-397 – Brendan O'Leary Partitions and the Sisyphean Making of Peoples – Dirk Moses. Partition in Ireland, India, and Palestine: Theory and Practice – T. G. Fraser

Contributor: Professor Richard Bourke Talk Title: Unionisms and Partition Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the background to the Government of Ireland Act (1920) and how it was ‘a departure from unionism in its original, “classic” sense’. It describes how the creation of a ‘parliamentary federation’ was ‘a setup which unionist statecraft had been determined to avoid’ and how it ‘envisaged the creation of yet another union: an Irish union’ which would be facilitated by the formation of a Council of Ireland. It suggests that UK government policy in the early 1920s ‘was neither unionist nor partitionist in complexion’ – something that was reflected in the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty which ‘prospectively incorporated’ Northern Ireland into the Irish Free State. It also looks at differing views of partition as either ‘undemocratic’ or ‘a matter of democratic right’ and the effect of subsequent political developments. And it looks to how Ulster unionism might think about its future and constitutional relations – ‘pursuing a lasting settlement instead of protesting as its future is shaped behind its back’. Short biography: Richard Bourke is Professor of the History of Political Thought, and a Fellow of King’s College, at the University of Cambridge. Further Reading: A Fool’s Paradise: Being a Constitutionalist’s Criticism of the Home Rule Bill of 1912 – A. V. Dicey Ulster’s Stand for Union - Ronald McNeill, Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000 – Alvin Jackson Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas – Richard Bourke “Genealogies of Partition: History, History-Writing and ‘the Troubles’ in Ireland,” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 9: 4 (December 2006), pp. 619–34 – Margaret O’Callaghan ‘Democracy, Sovereignty and Unionist Political Thought during the Revolutionary Period’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 27 (December 2017), pp. 211–32 – Colin Reid

Contributor: Professor Brendan O’Leary Talk Title Partition in Comparative Perspective Talk Synopsis: This talk places the Partition of Ireland in a comparative international context. It describes some of what was happening elsewhere in Europe at the same time and looks at the background and effects of the ‘two partitions in 1920: of Ireland and of Ulster.’ It notes that ‘few modern partitions have endured’ and explores the arguments that have been advanced for them and their application in different places, including Ireland. It suggests that conflict ‘in and over Northern Ireland over the last century may be correctly attributed both to partition itself and to the imperfection of the partition’. And it makes a case for how (in both general and specific terms) ‘partitions generate security dilemmas… pushing conflict downstream’, concluding that ‘prudence… mandates opposing partition in policymaking and placing the burden of proof on its advocates.’ Short biography: Brendan O'Leary is the current Lauder Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania. Further Reading: A Treatise on Northern Ireland, (Vol 1, Chapter 7, and Vol 2, Chapters 1 and 2) – Brendan O’Leary, The Partition of Ireland, 1911-1925 – Michael Laffan The History of Partition, 1912-1925 – Denis Gwynn

Contributor: Professor Fearghal McGarry Talk Title: The Killing of Sir Henry Wilson: An Irish Tragedy Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the circumstances and impact of Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson’s murder on the doorstep of his Belgravia home in June, 1922. It describes his role in the politics of this period, including as chief security advisor to the new Northern Ireland government, and how his killers (two London-born republicans) had served in the British army during WW1. It suggests that the story of Sir Henry Wilson and his killers, including their views and sense of identity, illustrates the complex and interconnected nature of relationships ‘within and between’ Ireland and Britain – many of which are played out in people’s individual lives/family circumstances. And it concludes by suggesting that ‘an ethical remembering of this difficult history’ might usefully foreground ‘its complexities and contradictions and the cost of violence for those left behind… not least the narrowing of identities… which continues to challenge reconciliation in Ireland.’ Biography: Fearghal McGarry is Professor of Modern Irish History at Queen’s University Belfast. Further Reading: Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier – Keith Jeffery ‘Michael Collins and the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson’, Irish Historical Studies, 28/110, pp 150-170 – Peter Hart Southern Irish Loyalism, 1912-49 – Brian Hughes and Conor Morrissey (eds) The Partition of Ireland, 1918-1925 – Robert Lynch The IRA in Britain, 1919-1923 – Gerard Noonan

Contributor: Dr Tim Wilson Talk Title: Violence: the Human Cost of Partition Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the context and nature of the violence that accompanied Partition and the establishment of Northern Ireland and also the lasting effects/significance of the events of that period. It describes the scale of sectarian violence and related disturbances in Belfast and elsewhere, including workplace expulsions, rioting and the forced movement of people from their homes. It suggests that events in Northern Ireland were part of ‘a wider, all-Ireland conflict’ but that they also had their own ’dynamic and… momentum’ and that all of this was ‘complex, shifting [and] layered’. And it details how violence began to adopt the tactics and technology of WW1, local efforts at conciliation and the ways in which this ‘extraordinarily intense period of turbulence’ allowed all sides to ‘glimpse a sort of abyss underneath the constitutional floorboards’ whilst also setting ‘the pattern for events to come’. Short Biography: Dr Tim Wilson is the current Director of the Centre for Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at University of St Andrews. Further Reading: From Pogrom to Civil War: Tom Glennon and the Belfast IRA – Kieran Glennon The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition 1920-22 – Robert Lynch Political Conflict in East Ulster, 1920-22 – Christopher Magill Belfast's Unholy War: The Troubles of the 1920s– Alan F. Parkinson ‘The Most Terrible Assassination that has yet stained the name of Belfast’: The McMahon Murders in Context' (Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 37, 145) – Tim Wilson

Contributor: Professor Marianne Elliott Talk Title: Partition's Casualties: religious minorities in the new states Talk Synopsis: This talk looks at the experience of minority communities in the decades that followed Partition and some of the social, religious and political factors involved. It suggests that Partition ‘created two states whose characters were informed by sectarianised religious cultures’ and explores how community relations have changed over time. It describes the impact of violence and discrimination and the role played by religion in public life and how this has been attenuated, to varying degrees, in both states. It also argues that ‘unionism and the Catholic church still behave like endangered species in Northern Ireland’ and speculates about the effect which Brexit might have on constitutional arrangements more generally. Short Biography: Professor Marianne Elliott is Professor emerita at the Institute of Irish Studies, University of Liverpool. Further Reading: Protestant and Irish: the minority's search for place in independent Ireland – Ian d’Alton and Ida Milne (eds.) Descendancy: Irish Protestant Histories since 1795 – David Fitzpatrick When God Took Sides: Religion and Identity in Ireland – Unfinished History – Marianne Elliott The Catholics of Ulster: A History – Marianne Elliott ‘Rendering to God and Caesar’: The Irish Churches and the Two States in Ireland, 1949-73 – Daithi Ó Corráin Smyllie's Ireland: Protestants, Independence, and the Man who ran the Irish Times – Caleb Wood Richardson

Contributor: Professor Glenn Patterson Talk Title: Writing and the Border Talk Synopsis: This talk looks at how ideas of borders and boundaries have been reflected in Irish literature. It ranges widely across time and genres and includes reflections on works by Spike Milligan, Anna Burns, Patrick Kavanagh and Seamus Heaney. It suggests that ‘fractal-like, the border recurs and recurs’ in much of the writing from/about Northern Ireland down the decades and that this divide is ‘repeated and magnified in the divisions between neighbourhoods, or .. internalised as a set of no-goes and sometimes no thinks’. It picks up on Seamus Heaney’s observation (from a 1998 documentary for the BBC) that ‘with so much division around, people are forever encountering boundaries that bring them up short’ but also the ways in which borders are sometimes bridged, or transgressed. None of this, Glenn Patterson says, is intended as ‘a survey’, rather it ‘is a thought taken for a walk… as wayward and eccentric as its subject.’ Short Biography: Glenn Patterson is an author and the Director of the Seamus Heaney Centre at Queen’s University, Belfast. Further Reading: Ulster Cycle Puckoon – Spike Milligan Song of Erne – Robert Harbinson Milkman – Anna Burns Big Girl, Small Town – Michelle Gallen Borderlands – Brian McGilloway 'A Border-Line Case', Don’t Look Now and Other Stories – Daphne du Maurier Finnegans Wake – James Joyce

Contributor: Dr Margaret O’Callaghan Talk Title: Acts of partition: from the Government of Ireland Act 1920 to the Boundary Commission, 1925. Talk Synopsis: This talk describes Partition as ‘an instrument of policy that marked the [UK] government’s failure in the wider problem of governing Ireland’. It suggests that the Government of Ireland Act was ‘a landmark in the genealogy of partitions’ and sets out its immediate background and effects. And it argues that the partition of Ireland ‘was not an act, but a process’ that ‘happened in stages’. It details the sectarian tensions and violence of this period, the Treaty negotiations of 1921 and James Craig’s role as Prime Minister, including his interactions with politicians in London and Dublin. It also identifies key questions about what happened and suggests that whilst the ‘Boundary Commission would end the partition process’ in 1925, James Craig spent much of his time until then ‘consumed’ with ‘security and the campaign to resist’ the effect which the Commission might have in placing ‘his whole entity in jeopardy’. Short Biography: Dr Margaret O’ Callaghan is an historian and political analyst at the School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics, Queen’s University, Belfast. Further Reading: Old Parchment and Water; the Boundary Commission of 1925 and the Copperfastening of the Irish Border. Bullan; an Irish Studies Journal , Volume IV, Number 2, 2000, pp 27-55 – Margaret O’ Callaghan Genealogies of Partition; History, History‐Writing and ‘the Troubles’ in Ireland. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 9:4, 619-634 – Margaret O'Callaghan The Evolution and Entrenchment of the Irish Border, 1911-1926: A political geography – Kieran Rankin Fatal Path: British Government and the Irish Revolution 1910-1922 – Ronan Fanning The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and its Undoing 1912-72 – Nicholas Mansergh Fatal Influence: the Impact of Ireland on British Politics – Kevin Matthews

Contributor: Dr Peter Leary Talk Title: Life on the line: Partition at the Border Talk Synopsis: This talk explores how Partition affected the everyday life of border communities. It describes the ‘piecemeal and… protracted’ process by which the new boundary was established and how ‘it ruptured old connections… but still needed to be crossed.’ It looks at the extent of smuggling and the development of a ‘frontier bureaucracy’ and also how the Irish border continued ‘to be stalked by the very violence of which it was itself a product.’ It suggests that ‘the pain and irritation and… fury of partition seemed to grow a little dimmer’ by the end of the twentieth century and that by ‘the start of this millennium the border was more permeable than at any point since 1922.’ And it concludes with an assessment of Brexit’s impact on the Irish border, noting that whilst it remains one of ‘the many divisive and contested legacies’ of Partition, it ‘continues to be characterised by interconnection and exchange.’ Short Biography: Peter Leary is a Vice Chancellor’s Fellow in History at Oxford Brookes University. Further Reading: Partitioned lives: the Irish borderlands – Catherine Nash, Brian Graham and Bryonie Reid Hard border: walking through a century of Irish partition – Darach MacDonald Unapproved routes: histories of the Irish border, 1922-72 – Peter Leary Border Roads to Memories and Reconciliation – www.borderroadmemories.com

Contributor: Dr Cormac Moore Talk Title: Sir Ernest Clark - 'Midwife to the New Province of Ulster' Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the role of Sir Ernest Clark in creating the administrative structures for the Northern Ireland government. It describes the background to his appointment as Assistant Under-Secretary to Ireland in September 1920, his relations with civil service colleagues in Dublin and unionist politicians and the challenges that he faced in establishing ‘government departments… at a time when the political environment in Ireland was extremely volatile’. It suggests that whilst Sir Ernest Clark is now a ‘largely forgotten figure’ he was ‘one of the main architects in giving the new Northern Ireland entity tangible form.’ It also looks at some of the security risks that Clark faced during his time in Belfast, his efforts to deal with community tensions and the affection that he came to feel for Northern Ireland – a place that he later described as having become ‘written across my heart and life’. Short Biography: Dr Cormac Moore is an historian with Dublin City Council’s Decade of Commemorations Programme. Further Reading: Birth of the Border: The Impact of Partition in Ireland – Cormac Moore British Policy and the Irish Administration 1920-22 – John McColgan A State Under Siege: The Establishment of Northern Ireland, 1920-25 – Bryan A. Follis. The Civil Service and the Revolution in Ireland 1912-1938 – Martin Maguire

Contributor: Professor Jennifer Todd Talk Title: Community, church and culture in boundary-making Talk Synopsis: This talk explores how partition ‘crystallised communities, empowered churches [and] slowed the process of cultural change’ on both sides of the border. It describes the ‘complex cultural mosaic’ that existed before partition and how much of this complexity was ‘transformed…‘into a sharp territorial line’ that ‘turned the cultural mosaic into solidary communities divided one from another on religious, national and political lines’. It suggests that ‘unionist and nationalist ideas and values were further simplified’ in the post-partition period and that whilst there were ‘areas of permeability in each society’, these ‘did not change the divisions’ and that the ‘new political systems stably reproduced ethno-religious divisions’ in ways that were ‘not seriously shaken until after the second world war.’ It also looks at social, economic and political change across the last 100yrs, including the recent effects of Brexit and suggests that a key legacy of partition has been ‘a failure of each to understand the other.’ Short Biography: Jennifer Todd is Emeritus Professor in the School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Fellow of the Geary Research Institute, Research Director of the Institute for British-Irish Studies at the University College Dublin and Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Further Reading: Protestants in a Catholic State: Ireland’s Privileged Minority – Kurt Bowen Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland – Richard English Ireland Says Yes: The Inside Story of How the Vote for Marriage Equality was Won - Gráinne Healy, Brian Sheehan and Noel Whelan Are the Irish Different? – Tom Inglis (ed.) Northern Ireland at the crossroads: Ulster Unionism in the O'Neill years, 1960-9 – Marc Mulholland Identity Change after Conflict: Ethnicity, Boundaries and Belonging in the Two Irelands – Jennifer Todd

Contributor: Professor Alvin Jackson Talk Title: Rethinking unionism and partition, 1900-1921 Talk Synopsis: This talk explores how the partition of Ireland was ‘an evolving set of events, rather than a single act.’ It describes the ‘long-term drift within Irish unionist politics… towards a local, northern predominance’. And it looks at how partition changed from being a ‘tactical ploy’ for unionists to a ‘negotiating goal’ and how what had been intended as a ‘soft border between different parts of the British imperial world was… displaced by a newly minted international frontier.’ It suggests that partition ‘underlines the operation of the law of unintended consequences in Irish politics’ and explains how it led to the division of Ireland and its people and also ‘the division of unionism itself.’ Short Biography: Alvin Jackson is Richard Lodge Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh. He is an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy. Further Reading: Partition in Ireland, India and Palestine: Theory and Practice – T.G. Fraser Home rule: an Irish history, 1800-2000 – Alvin Jackson Ireland 1798-1998: War, Peace and Beyond – Alvin Jackson Judging Redmond and Carson: Comparative Irish Lives – Alvin Jackson The partition of Ireland, 1911-25 – Michael Laffan The partition of Ireland, 1918-1925 – Robert Lynch

Contributor: Professor Jane Ohlmeyer Talk Title: Partition: imperial contexts Talk Synopsis: This talk explores ‘the imperial contexts of partition and… the interconnections between Ireland and India’. It looks at how the Government of Ireland Act ‘formed the basis of the legislation that partitioned India and Pakistan’ and the ways in which Irish people facilitated British rule in India. It also describes some of the links between Irish nationalists and their Indian counterparts, suggesting that ‘the Irish… taught the Indians their ABC of freedom fighting’. It details how the ‘shared imperial histories of Ireland and India’ are still apparent in street names, buildings and statues. And it concludes by noting how one of Lord Mountbatten’s last official functions as Governor General of India was with Eamon De Valera and Jawaharlal Nehru – something that Professor Ohlmeyer suggests was ‘rather fitting… given the part played by Ireland in the breakup of the British Empire.’ Short Biography: Professor Jane Ohlmeyer is Erasmus Smith's Professor of Modern History at Trinity College Dublin and current Director of the Trinity Long Room Hub Arts and Humanities Research Institute Further Reading: Ireland, India and the Empire: 1780-1914 – C. A. Bayly Imperial Affinities: Nineteenth-Century Analogies and Exchanges Between India and Ireland – S. B Cook Irish Imperial Networks: Migration, Social Communication and Exchange in Nineteenth-Century India – Barry Crosbie Ireland, India and the British Empire – Jane Ohlmeyer, in Studies in People’s History, 2.2. (2015) Ireland, India and empire. Indo-Irish radical connections, 1919-64 - Kate O’Malley Ireland and India: nationalism, empire and memory – Michael Silvestri

Contributor: Professor Richard English Talk Title: The IRA and the Partition of Ireland Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the ‘substantial and complex politics that lay behind the IRA’s violence’. It focusses on the views and outlook of Ernie O’Malley and Peadar O’Donnell and suggests that there was a paradox inherent in their politics inasmuch as what was ‘alluring to the followers of Irish republicanism’ was ‘off-putting and repellent to those of a unionist tradition’. It also looks at the politics of the Provisional IRA and suggests that violence (from whatever source) had the effect of deepening polarisation and division ‘on this island and these islands more broadly’. And it concludes by making a case for ‘historical and contemporary empathy’ and the benefits of a ‘patient and listening approach’ to the concerns and experiences of others. Short Biography: Richard English is Professor of Politics at Queen's University Belfast. His books include the award-winning studies Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA and Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland. He is a Fellow of the British Academy, a Member of the Royal Irish Academy, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Further Reading: Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA – Richard English Radicals and the Republic: Socialist Republicanism in the Irish Free State 1925-1937 – Richard English Ernie O'Malley: IRA Intellectual – Richard English On Another Man's Wound – Ernie O'Malley The Gates Flew Open – Peadar O'Donnell Frank Ryan – Fearghal McGarry

Contributor: Professor Henry Patterson Talk title: Social Class: A Family’s Story Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the central role of social class in determining people’s life chances and experiences in Northern Ireland in the pre-Troubles period. It draws on the story of Henry Patterson’s own family and describes how it was affected by social and economic change, community divisions and world affairs. It also looks at the effect of WW2 on his father’s political outlook and how ‘like many servicemen’ he had ‘his horizons widened and his politics radicalised’; the ‘great social reforms introduced by the Labour government after 1945’; his father’s involvement in trade unionism and labour politics; class tensions in Bangor; and the role played by ‘the labourist tradition’ of his father’s generation in erecting what Frank Wright has described as ‘barriers of restraint against the real possibilities of madness’. Short Biography: Henry Patterson is Emeritus Professor of Irish Politics at Ulster University. Further Reading: A History of the Northern Ireland Labour Party – Aaron Edwards Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class 1905-23 – Austen Morgan 'An Age of Conservative Modernity' – Sean O'Connell, in Belfast 400 People, Place and History – S.J. Connolly (ed.) Northern Ireland in the Second World War – Philip Ollerenshaw Class Conflict and Sectarianism – Henry Patterson Ireland since 1939 The Persistence of Conflict – Henry Patterson Inventing the Myth: Political Passions and the Ulster Protestant Imagination – Connall Parr

Contributor: Dr Marie Coleman Talk title: Partition and southern Irish Protestants Talk Synopsis: This talk looks at the decline of the Protestant population in southern Ireland between 1911-26. It makes use of church and official records and draws on the experiences of people living in different areas, including those who left and remained. It suggests that the ‘decline in the number and proportion of non-Catholics in the Irish Free State by 1926’ was a ‘significant demographic change in modern Irish history’ and details the different factors involved - and debate about their effect. It also explores how ‘adapting to life in the new state was not an easy or seamless process’ for many Protestants and notes how this ‘resilient minority’ has made a ‘valuable contribution to a century of life in independent Ireland.’ Short Biography: Dr Marie Coleman is a Reader in Modern Irish History at Queen's University Belfast. Further Reading: Southern Irish Loyalism, 1912-1949 – Brian Hughes and Conor Morrissey (eds.) The IRA at War, 1916-1923 – Peter Hart The IRA and Its Enemies: Violence and Community in County Cork, 1916-1923 – Peter Hart The Irish Revolution, 1916-1923 – Marie Coleman County Longford and the Irish revolution, 1910-1923 – Marie Coleman

Contributor: Professor Graham Walker Talk title: Northern Ireland: the first example of UK devolution Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the practical outworking of the Government of Ireland Act (1920), focussing on the experience of the new devolved administration in Belfast and its relationship with Westminster. It looks at the arrangements that were put in place to deal with welfare and security costs in Northern Ireland and the development of a ‘step by step’ policy of alignment with the rest of the UK in areas such as welfare benefits. It describes the effect of discrimination on community relations and politics in Northern Ireland and some of the changes brought about by the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement. And it concludes by suggesting that London’s ‘devolve and forget’ approach to Stormont finds its echo in current relationships with Scotland and Wales and that there remains much in Northern Ireland’s experience of devolution that has ‘great significance for students of UK politics today.’ Short Biography: Graham Walker is Professor of Political History at Queen's University Belfast. Further Reading: Northern Ireland 1921 - 2001: Political Power and Social Classes – Paul Bew, Peter Gibbon & Henry Patterson Devolution in the United Kingdom – Vernon Bogdanor James Craig – Patrick Buckland A State Under Siege: the Establishment of Northern Ireland – Bryan Follis Home Rule: An Irish History 1800-2000 – Alvin Jackson Governing without Consensus: An Irish Perspective – Richard Rose

Contributor: Professor Roy Foster Talk Title: Partition and the Southern Irish Protestant experience. Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the ‘complex and varied’ story of southern Irish Protestantism after 1921. It describes the changing position and status of this community in the pre-partition period and its declining numbers afterwards. It also notes how southern Protestants adapted to life in the new state, the diversity of their experiences and the extent to which ‘Protestant society remained fairly distinct, endogenous and conscious of their difference’ until the 1970s. It suggests that in terms of ‘cultural attitudes and markers, Southern Irish Protestants felt more affinity to Sothern Irish Catholics than to the culture of Northern Protestantism’ and that their experience was a ‘testament to the majority political culture of independent Ireland, the realism and adaptability of its small cohort of Irish citizens, and… the perhaps underestimated degree of tact exercised by both traditions in the new Irish state.’ Short Biography: R.F. (Roy) Foster is Emeritus Professor of Irish History at Oxford and Emeritus Professor of Irish History and Literature at Queen Mary University of London. He is the author of many prizewinning books and is a well-known cultural commentator and critic. Further Reading: Protestant And Irish: The Minority’s Search for Place in Independent Ireland – Ian d’Alton and Ida Milne (eds.) The Decline of the Big House in Ireland: A Study of Irish Landed Families 1860-1960 – Terence Dooley Descendancy: Irish Protestant Histories Since 1795 – David Fitzpatrick Different and the Same: A Folk History of the Protestants of Independent Ireland – Deirdre Nuttall The Church of Ireland 1869-1969 – R.B. McDowell Crisis and Decline: The Fate of the Southern Unionists – R.B. McDowell Ireland’s Holy Wars: the struggle for a nation’s soul 1500-2000 – Marcus Tanner

Contributor: Professor Diane Urquhart Talk Title: Gender and Partition Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the gender dimension to Partition, including its background and effects. It looks at the role played by the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council as ‘the largest body of political women in Ireland’s history’ and the ways in which women’s lives were affected by the politics, policies and attitudes of the states that emerged from the post-Partition period. It draws on contemporary accounts of events in the early 1920s, including about the impact of violence on community relations and against women. And it suggests that hearing ‘a different cast of voices, many of them female, allows partition to emerge as a history that is replete with raw emotion’, revealing ‘a gender history that often unites more than it divides those who were placed on both sides of the Irish border.’ Short Biography: Diane Urquhart is Professor of Gender History at Queen's University Belfast and President of the Women's History Association of Ireland (WHAI). Further Reading: Women and the Irish Revolution – Linda Connolly (ed.) The Irish Abortion Journey – Lindsey Earner-Byrne and Diane Urquhart, A Nation and not a Rabble: The Irish revolution, 1913-1923 – Diarmaid Ferriter The Partition of Ireland, 1911-1925 – Michael Laffan The Burnings 1920 – Pearse Lalor The Partition of Ireland, 1918-25 – Robert Lynch Renegades: Irish republican women, 1900-1923 – Ann Matthews Birth of the border: The Impact of Partition in Ireland – Cormac Moore

Contributor: Professor Diarmaid Ferriter Talk Title: The Partitionist Mentality Talk Synopsis: This talk explores how Partition affected relationships between nationalist politicians on either side of the border. It suggests that these were characterised by a ‘partitionist mentality’ and that for many decades there was only limited engagement by successive Dublin governments in northern affairs. It looks at how attitudes have changed over time, the impact of the Troubles and more recent political agreements but also some of the differences between the outlook and experiences of ‘the northern and southern keepers of the flame of Irish unity’ – something that Professor Ferriter says is ‘a significant and under-explored complication’. Short Biography: Diarmaid Ferriter is Professor of Modern Irish History at UCD and member of the Royal Irish Academy. Further Reading: The Partition of Ireland 1911-25 – Michael Laffan Partition and the limits of Irish Nationalism – Clare O'Halloran The Border: The Legacy of a Century of Anglo-Irish Politics – Diarmaid Ferriter From Partition to Brexit: The Irish Government and Northern Ireland – Donnacha O Beacháin

Contributor: Professor Mary E. Daly Talk Title: Partition and the Two Irelands Talk Synopsis: This talk explores how Partition was ‘a defining moment for the two Irish states that were founded in the early 1920s’ and its impact on politics, inter-governmental relations and border communities. It suggests that Partition ‘accentuated differences and contrasting identities’ in both jurisdictions and that both ‘Ireland and Northern Ireland suffered from a sense of incompleteness’ from what happened and all that followed. It describes how attitudes and relationships have changed over time and also the gaps in ‘real knowledge’ of each other that remain for many people living in different parts of the island. Short Biography: Mary E. Daly is Professor Emerita in Irish History at University College Dublin. She is a member of the Expert Advisory Group that advises the Irish government on the commemorative programme for the Decade of Centenaries 2012-23. Further reading: Sixties Ireland, Reshaping the economy, state and society 1957-1973 – Mary E. Daly Playing it cool: the response of the British and Irish government to the crisis in Northern Ireland, 1968-69, Irish Studies in international affairs (2001) – Ronan Fanning Ireland 1798-1998 – Alvin Jackson Fianna Fail, partition and Northern Ireland, 1926-1971 – Stephen Kelly Division and consensus: The politics of cross-border relations in Ireland, 1926-1968 – Michael Kennedy

Contributor: Professor Lord Bew Talk Title: Home Rule and the Ulster Crisis Talk Synopsis: This talk explores the historic failure of the ‘union concept’ for most Irish people, but also its popularity in the north east. It describes the background to Partition, its social and economic context, and the role played by key political figures. And it concludes with an assessment of community relations at the time of Northern Ireland’s establishment (and afterwards), and a reminder that its future remains as unpredictable as the past 100 years have been. Short Biography: The Lord Bew (Paul) is Emeritus Professor of Politics at Queen’s University Belfast and serves as a Crossbench Life Peer, currently as Chair of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. He is the independent chair of the Centenary Historical Advisory Panel. Further Reading: Northern Ireland 1921-2001: Political Power and Social Classes - Paul Bew, Peter Gibbon and Henry Patterson Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 - Paul Bew Parliament and Northern Ireland, 1921-2021: David Torrance, House of Commons Library - https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8884/

Professor Richard English from Queen’s University Belfast explains the background to this extended series of talks which has been developed with broadcast support from the BBC. Each talk lasts approximately 20mins and provides specialist insight from a leading academic on specific aspects of Partition, its causes and effects. Those taking part are drawn from different academic backgrounds and their talks are intended to facilitate understanding of, and debate about, this important subject – in all of its complexity. The Partition of Ireland: Causes and Consequences has been supported by the UK and Irish governments, and by the Royal Irish Academy and British Academy.